The royal
library of Japan offers the full speech in German text on their website. German textSource: http://royallibrary.sakura.ne.jp On youtube you can listen to the audio. German audioSource: www.youtube.com |
With "Volk, ans Gewehr", on 19-10 the
Ostfriesische
Tageszeitung announced Hitler's decree, dating 25-9-1944 but
announced on Berlin radio 18-10, to create the Volkssturm.
Besides the decree in the center, the frontpage features Himmler's
speech to Eastprussian volkssturm troops on 18-10, in which the term
"werwölf" surfaced for the 1st time.
Symbolicly given on a date of
historic national significance, the 131st anniversary of a victory by
the
Landsturm in
1813 against Napoleon's troops. Their resistance & victories, deemed hopeless by Prussian generals and politicians at the time, are retold to inspire the new NSDAP militia. Then after calling all men, 16 to 60 year old to arms, a NationalSocialist overview of events since 1939 follows. He concludes this with: "In the east the Bolsjewist enemy managed, after months- and yearslong fighting that cost him hecatombs (large sacrifices) of human lives and increasingly eats away his at livingconditions, to push back our lines established in the early phase of the war, so that they now threaten the borders of our homeland here in Eastprussia. Even so the war has became unbearable for our enemy. They will not last much longer. They want and must force a breakthrough into Germany since their strength is strained on every level ". This optimistic view to say the least, is followed on the next page by a list of so called shamefull strategies used by the enemy, including abusing nationalist sentiment and herding boys and old men into battle. Also the use of religious slogans is condemned. "Starvation is rampant in the Russian lands. Deserted and bled dry are their towns and cities. All the Jewish-Bolsjewistic Rabulistik and terror is used to drive the masses of boys and aged men onto the battlefield. Nationalistic, democratic and even religious slogans are used while at the same time the Ukranian and Belorussian population, that during the allegedly oppresive German occupation had gotten used to land ownership and property, were ruthlessly evacuated and driven from their homes and yards by the NKVD ". A few lines down more tactics, also employed by the Nazi regime itself, are critisized as Jewish ruthlesness and betrayal. "All means are justified for the Jews. From the Germans soldiers, encircled in Stalingrad or captured during the fighting, he shoots the wounded, while worthless, without mercy; and for those remaining began the usual Bolsjewistic treatment of "whip and sugarbread" (stick and carrot). The whip in the form of "Eismeerlager" (Siberian gulag) or neckshot when he does not let himself be used against his people, sugarbread in the form of empty political promises and tangible liquor, wine, cigarettes and good food when he, like the dishonourable committee of traitor Seidlitz together with the Jew Wolf aswell as other Communists that emigrated from Germany, tempts poor captured German soldiers to be abused to create propaganda against his own fatherland. Every possibilty is grasped to perhaps still achieve victory over us ". Then turning his attention to the western front, forced to admit the enemy is at the German border of 1939, he gives another Nationalsocialist overview of events such as the Allied breakout from Normandy, switching back eastward briefly to comment on the Warschau Uprising, operation Market Garden and the attack on Hitler (20-07-1944). All clearly signs of how desperate the enemy is, he concludes the overview with: "Through a miracle destiny has, as if instructed by millions of Germans hearts, spoken for our Führer and preserved him for our people. Destiny has shielded him. Indignation and pain went through the ranks of the army and officercorps from the shame they felt on 20. july. " Shifting to historic nationalism again, he fames the glorious German soldiertradition, refers to the Landsturm's fight for freedom and informs the enemy that every kilometer will cost him a stream of blood, being defended by men, boys, old men and if need be, woman and girls. The first public mentioning of the term "Werwölfe" then follows. "Also in area's he believes to have captured, will rise time and again in their backs the German will to resist, and like werewolves, death-defying volunteers will harm the enemy and cut of his life lines ". Then 4 points, the first one starting of rather religiously with a declaration to the Führer being mentioned as send by god, are formulated as a sorth of oath. Next to V1 wonder weapons, point 4 also warns the listeners for the Morgenthau plan, devised by the U.S. secretary of the treasury. "We have heard it from their own mouths, that from our enemies the destruction of our country, deforestation of our woods, dissolution of our economy, the destruction of our cities, burning down of our villages and the extermination of our people is to be expected ". A few lines further he decrees the command structure has to be based on fanaticism rather than any strategic insight, for a stand till the last child. "Never and nowhere will Volkssturm men capitulate. Should there however be a position where the leader in charge thinks the situation is hopeless and has to give up the fight, the Volkssturm will applie the usual custom of our bravve Navy and give command with all its rights to whomever - even if it be the youngest - that has the will to carry on the fight ". Shortly after, he ends the speech in a very religious tone, bearing in mind his earlier critique (and ofcourse general SS attitude towards the church). "The Lord has created the German people, man's will has not conceived it. Since its creation thousands of years ago it has grown according to His high laws with all its rich talents, its beautifull homeland and its hard livingconditions. Without limit we avouch to the eternal laws and therefore to our fatherland. Through this believe we are convinced that the almight power after the struggle, the suffering and fighting will give the führer and his people the hard-earned victory ". Summary & translation: O.V. This speech was recorded and broadcast by Berlin radio on 18-10-1944: German audioDie Deutsche Wochenshau "Nr. 738" covered the Volkssturm Führer decree & Himmler's speech in Eastprussi (note the newspapers shown). German videoSource: www.youtube.com |
"In late summer/early autumn
1944, Heinrich Himmler initiated Unternehmen Werwolf (Operation
Werwolf), ordering SS Obergruppenführer Hans-Adolf Prützmann to begin
organising an elite troop of volunteer forces to operate secretly
behind enemy lines. As originally conceived, these Werwolf units were
intended to be legitimate uniformed military formations trained to
engage in clandestine operations behind enemy lines in the same manner
as Allied Special Forces such as Commandos. Prützmann was named
Generalinspekteur für Spezialabwehr (General Inspector of Special
Defence) and assigned the task of setting up the force's headquarters
in Berlin and organising and instructing the force. Prutzmann had
studied the guerrilla tactics used by Soviet partisans while stationed
in the occupied territories of Ukraine and the idea was to teach these
tactics to the members of Operation Werwolf". After it became clear, by March 1945, that the remaining German forces had no chance of stopping the Allied advance, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels seized upon the idea of Werwolf, and began to foster the notion, primarily through Nazi radio broadcasts, that Werwolf was a clandestine guerrilla organization comprising irregular German partisans, similar to the many insurgency groups which the Germans had encountered in the nations they occupied during the war. Despite such propaganda, however, this was never the actual nature of Werwolf, which in reality was always intended to be a commando unit comprising uniformed troops. Another popular myth about Werwolf is that it was intended to continue fighting underground even after the surrender of the Nazi government and the German military. In fact, no effort was ever made by the Nazi leadership to develop an insurgency to continue fighting in the event of defeat, in large measure because Adolf Hitler, as well as other Nazi leaders, refused to believe that a German defeat was possible, and they regarded anyone who even discussed the possibility as defeatists and traitors. As a result, no contingency plans to deal with defeat were ever authorized. However, as a result of Goebbels' efforts, Werwolf had, and in many cases continues to have, a mythological reputation as having been an underground Nazi resistance movement, with some even claiming that Werwolf attacks continued for months, or even years, after the end of the war. Its perceived influence went far beyond its actual operations, especially after the dissolution of the Nazi regime. Source: http://de.wikipedia.org "On April 1, 1945 , the German station 'Radio Werwolf' began broadcasting for the first time, created by Propaganda Minister Göbbels to rally the population to suicidal resistance, its theme repeated over and over again "Besser tot als rot". On Easter Sunday 1945 it issued a ‘Proclamation to the German People’ declaring that this was now a people’s war and that every German citizen was to form part of a new ‘German Freedom Movement’ to repel the invaders. As a postcript, the Werwolf warned that those who refused to fight would be hunted down and dealt with mercilessly. The worse the military situation became, the more unrestrained the threats. On 19 April, the Werwolf was still warning that ‘death awaited the cowardly’. Indeed, it has been suggested that the escalation of terror denoted the collapse of any form of consensus in Germany. This is probably going too far; such terror associated with the Werwolf really only played a significant part in the last months of the war. A more likely explanation for the limited success enjoyed by Göbbels during this final period of fighting lies in a traditional German patriotism and respect for authority, together with a fear of Bolshevism, which led people to defend their country intuitively. This sense of resignation has been described most aptly by the historian Helmut Krausnick, as one of ‘reluctant loyalty’. Karl Dönitz finally made a proclomation on 5 May over Radios Copenhagen, Flensburg, and Prague: "The fact that at present an armistice reigns means that I must ask every German man and woman to stop any illegal activity in the Werwolf or other such organizations in those territories occupied by the Western Allies because this can only injure our people." Source: http://werwolf.greyfalcon.us An audio excerpt from a broadcast in april 1945 is available on youtube: German audioSource: www.youtube.com |
"Volk, ans Gewehr" was the
chorus of a very popular song at the time, "Siehst
du im Osten das Morgenrot" from the year 1931 by Arno Pardun. Dedicated to Dr. Goebbels, by using its key bars as an interval signal from 1935 on, the Berlin radio station constantly reminded the people of it. After the war it was used as evidence in the Nürnberger trials and is even illegal in Germany and Austria to this day. Sources: http://de.wikipedia.org & www.haus-des-rundfunks.de/ Link to recording of "Volk ans Gewehr" on youtube: German audioSource: www.youtube.com It contains strong allusions to the famous worker song "Brüder, zur Sonne, zur Freiheit" which is actually a Russian song that during the revolutions Hermann Scherchen, leader of a worker's choir, who of 1905 and 1917 rapidly gained popularity and became an anthem. Translated in many languages, it came to Germany in 1917 with German conductor Herman Scherchen, leader of a worker's choir, who after his release as a prisoner of war in Russia made a German version in 1918. The NSDAP used the popular song with an altered 4th strophe and in 1927 compacted it to "Brüder in Zechen und Gruben" (one of their best known propaganda songs) and "Brüder formiert die Kolonnen" (a SA militia song). Source: http://de.wikipedia.org |
Announced 18-10, it
starts by mentioning fierce fighting near the Scheldt estuary and
continues listing many other front hotspots. Also on page 2: "In addition to the Wehrmacht message is reported: Generalleutnant Chill, commander of the 85. Inf.Div., east of Antwerp with a number of small groups he gathered on his own initiative, stopped the English push on the Albert-canal and with these groups in the heavy fighting that insued, drove back much superior forces time and again ". "The headlong retreat from Belgium into Holland had been slowed and then virtually stopped by the doggedness and ingenuity of one man: Lieutenant General Kurt Chill had been ordered to save whatever remained and move back into Germany. But the strong-willed general, watching the near panic on the roads and prompted by Model's Order of the Day, decided to disregard orders. Chill concluded that the only way to avert catastrophe was to organize a line along the Albert Canal. He welded what remained of his 85th Division with the remnants of two others and quickly dispersed these men to strategic points of the northern bank of the canal. Next, he turned his attention to the bridges and set up "reception centers" at their northern exits. In 24 hours Chill succeeded in netting thousands of servicemen from nearly every branch of the German armed forces. It was a "crazy-quilt mob", including Luftwaffe mechanics, military-government personnel, naval coastal units and soldiers from a dozen different divisions, but these stragglers, armed at best with rifles, were already on the canal when Student arrived. Student called Chill's virtuoso performance in halting them nearout "miraculous".With remarkable speed he had established a defense line of sorts, helping to buy a little time for all of Student's forces to arrive". source: Cornelius Ryan - A Bridge Too Far: The Classic History of the Greatest Battle of World War II, page 50. Chill held the canal early in september, involved in Market Garden later that month and around 18-10 was heavily engaged near Hoogerheide: "Under attack by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division in early October, "Kampfgruppe Chill", a detachment of the 85th, was assigned to the Scheldt to replace the retreating 346th Infantry Division. This was however, part of a deception by Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich von der Heydte to fool the Canadians into attacking a much more powerful force. In reality, the detachment consisted of the 185th Artillery Regiment and remnants of the 1053rd and 1054th Grenadier Regiments. The rest of the force consisted of three battalions of the 2nd Parachute Division. The Calgary Highlanders, unaware of the true size and skill of the division group, suffered bitterly at Hoogerheide due to this deception... ". Source: http://en.wikipedia.org Also on 18-10 headquarters announced the Führer awarded: 9 Knights Crosses, 1 Oakleaves to the Knights Cross and 1 German Cross in Gold. All given to officers except for Unteroffizier Anton Kreuzberg (2./schw.PzJägAbt 525, KC on 21-9-1944) and SS-unterfuhrer Hans Schabschneider (2nd SS Art.Reg. Das Reich, KC on 27-08-1944). I assume the delays in announcing KC's are perhaps caused by administration involved with the approval. |